Modificadores Java
Modificadores
Até agora, você está bastante familiarizado com a palavra- publicchave que aparece em quase todos os nossos exemplos:
public class Main
A publicpalavra-chave é um modificador de acesso , o que significa que é usado para definir o nível de acesso para classes, atributos, métodos e construtores.
Dividimos os modificadores em dois grupos:
- Modificadores de acesso - controla o nível de acesso
- Modificadores de não acesso - não controlam o nível de acesso, mas fornecem outras funcionalidades
Modificadores de acesso
Para classes , você pode usar publicou padrão :
| Modifier | Description | Try it |
|---|---|---|
public |
The class is accessible by any other class | |
| default | The class is only accessible by classes in the same package. This is used when you don't specify a modifier. You will learn more about packages in the Packages chapter |
Para atributos, métodos e construtores , você pode usar um dos seguintes:
| Modifier | Description | Try it |
|---|---|---|
public |
The code is accessible for all classes | |
private |
The code is only accessible within the declared class | |
| default | The code is only accessible in the same package. This is used when you don't specify a modifier. You will learn more about packages in the Packages chapter | |
protected |
The code is accessible in the same package and subclasses. You will learn more about subclasses and superclasses in the Inheritance chapter |
Modificadores de não acesso
Para classes , você pode usar finalou abstract:
| Modifier | Description | Try it |
|---|---|---|
final |
The class cannot be inherited by other classes (You will learn more about inheritance in the Inheritance chapter) | |
abstract |
The class cannot be used to create objects (To access an abstract class, it must be inherited from another class. You will learn more about inheritance and abstraction in the Inheritance and Abstraction chapters) |
Para atributos e métodos , você pode usar um dos seguintes:
| Modifier | Description |
|---|---|
final |
Attributes and methods cannot be overridden/modified |
static |
Attributes and methods belongs to the class, rather than an object |
abstract |
Can only be used in an abstract class, and can only be used on methods. The method does not have a body, for example abstract void run();. The body is provided by the subclass (inherited from). You will learn more about inheritance and abstraction in the Inheritance and Abstraction chapters |
transient |
Attributes and methods are skipped when serializing the object containing them |
synchronized |
Methods can only be accessed by one thread at a time |
volatile |
The value of an attribute is not cached thread-locally, and is always read from the "main memory" |
Final
Se você não quiser a capacidade de substituir os valores de atributo existentes, declare os atributos como final:
Exemplo
public class Main {
final int x = 10;
final double PI = 3.14;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main myObj = new Main();
myObj.x = 50; // will generate an error: cannot assign a value to a final variable
myObj.PI = 25; // will generate an error: cannot assign a value to a final variable
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
}
Estático
Um staticmétodo significa que ele pode ser acessado sem criar um objeto da classe, diferente de public:
Exemplo
Um exemplo para demonstrar as diferenças entre statice publicmétodos:
public class Main {
// Static method
static void myStaticMethod() {
System.out.println("Static methods can be called without creating objects");
}
// Public method
public void myPublicMethod() {
System.out.println("Public methods must be called by creating objects");
}
// Main method
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
myStaticMethod(); // Call the static method
// myPublicMethod(); This would output an error
Main myObj = new Main(); // Create an object of Main
myObj.myPublicMethod(); // Call the public method
}
}
Resumo
Um abstractmétodo pertence a uma abstractclasse e não possui um corpo. O corpo é fornecido pela subclasse:
Exemplo
// Code from filename: Main.java
// abstract class
abstract class Main {
public String fname = "John";
public int age = 24;
public abstract void study(); // abstract method
}
// Subclass (inherit from Main)
class Student extends Main {
public int graduationYear = 2018;
public void study() { // the body of the abstract method is provided here
System.out.println("Studying all day long");
}
}
// End code from filename: Main.java
// Code from filename: Second.java
class Second {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// create an object of the Student class (which inherits attributes and methods from Main)
Student myObj = new Student();
System.out.println("Name: " + myObj.fname);
System.out.println("Age: " + myObj.age);
System.out.println("Graduation Year: " + myObj.graduationYear);
myObj.study(); // call abstract method
}
}